Acosta returned to Spain in 1587 after spending a year in Mexico while completing his two major works, De Procuranda Indorum Salute (1588, On how to bring about the salvation of the Indians) and Historia Natural y Moral de los Indias (1590, A natural and moral history of the Indies). Jose de Acosta's De procuranda Indorum salute. A Call for Evangelical Reforms in Colonial Peru. Gregory J Shepherd E-bok (PDF - DRM) â
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2015.
José de Acosta, member of the Society of Jesus, missionary and author
José de Acosta (1539 or 1540[1] in Medina del Campo, Spain â February 15, 1600 in Salamanca, Spain) was a sixteenth-century SpanishJesuitmissionary and naturalist in Latin America.
Life[edit]
José de Acosta was born at Medina del Campo in Spain, where his parents lived in this city of the plain, about twenty-four miles from Valladolid, in Old Castile, on the left bank of the swampy river Zapardiel, and overlooked by the old castle of La Mota. He was of converso background,[2] His parents had five sons, Gerónimo, Christóval, José, Diego, and Bernardo. The Acosta brothers were fellow townsmen of the old soldier Bernal Diaz, who told the story of the conquest of Mexico, but they were many years younger than him.[3] In 1553, at the age of thirteen, Acosta became a novice in the Society of Jesus in Medina del Campo. Four Acosta brothers joined this order. Before leaving Spain, José was lecturer in theology at Ocana, and in April 1569, was to be sent to Lima, Peru, where the Jesuits had been established in the proceeding year. According to one scholar, Acosta was 'a heavy man of uncertain, melancholic temper.'[4]
Panama[edit]
At age 32, Acosta left Spain with several other Jesuits in 1570, landing at Cartagena de Indias, and finally at Nombre de Dios, then journeyed through 18 leagues of tropical forest. He was impressed by the scenery, the novel sights at every turn, and was interested, at Capira, in the clever antics of troops of monkeys. From Panama he embarked for Peru to pursue missionary work. He expected to experience unbearably intense heat in crossing the equator, but found it to be so cool in March, that he laughed at Aristotle and his philosophy.[5]
Peru[edit]
On his arrival at Lima, he was ordered to cross the Andes, apparently to join the Viceroy of Peru in the interior. He took the route, with fourteen or fifteen companions, across the mountainous province of Huarochiri, and by the lofty pass of Pariacaca [over 14,000 ft.], where the whole party suffered severely from the effects of the rarefied atmosphere. Acosta describes these sufferings, which were to be repeated on the three other occasions of crossing the cordillera. Acosta was one of the earliest people to give a detailed description of altitude sickness,[6] a variety of which is referred to as Acosta's disease.[7] He also mentions an attack of snow blindness and the way in which an Indian woman cured him.
Acosta had arrived in Peru two years after Don Francisco de Toledo had come out as Viceroy in 1568. Following Toledo's beheading of the Inca Túpac Amaru, the Viceroy devoted five years to a tour through every part of the Viceroyalty of Peru, and to settlement of the country, in which he was aided by Acosta, the Licentiate Polo de Ondegardo, and the Judge Matienza. Acosta also accompanied the Viceroy to Charcas, and was with him during his unsuccessful expedition against the fierce Chirihuana Indians.[8]
The principal seat of the Jesuits was at that time in the little town of Juli, near the western shores of Lake Titicaca. Here a college was formed, the languages of the natives were studied, and eventually a printing press was established. Acosta probably resided at Juli during much of his stay in Peru. It was here, in all likelihood, that he observed the famous comet of 1577, from November 1 to December 8, which extended like a fiery plume from the horizon nearly to the zenith. Here, too, he devoted much of his time to the preparation of several learned works, which he later took back to Spain in manuscript, including the first two books of the Natural History of the Indies. At Juli, Father Acosta received information respecting the Amazon river from a brother who had formerly been in the famous piratical cruise of Lope de Aguirre.[9]
Towards the close of the viceroyalty of Toledo, Father Acosta appears to have moved from the interior of Peru to Lima. Here he mentions superintending the casting of a great bell, for which there was difficulty in getting fuel for the furnace, making it necessary to fell great trees in the RÃmac River valley. Viceroy Toledo was practically the founder of the University of St. Mark at Lima, where Acosta was to occupy the chair of theology. Here he was again able to display his abilities as a famed orator.
In 1571 José went to Cuzco as a visitor of the recently founded college of the Jesuits. He returned to Lima three years later to again fill the chair of theology, and was elected provincial in 1576.
In 1579 Sir Francis Drake was on the coast, and the Viceroy dispatched a fleet under Don Pedro Sarmiento, partly to chase the English pirate, and partly to explore and survey the Strait of Magellan. Acosta had conversations with the pilot of Sarmiento's fleet, and was allowed to inspect his chart, thus obtaining much hydrographic information, and particulars respecting the tides in the straits. He also conversed with the new Viceroy Don MartÃn HenrÃquez on the same subject.[10]
Acosta founded a number of colleges, among them those of Arequipa, PotosÃ, Chuquisaca, Panama and La Paz, but met with considerable opposition from the Viceroy Toledo. His official duties obliged him to investigate personally a very extensive range of territory, so that he acquired a practical knowledge of the vast province, and of its aboriginal inhabitants. At the 1582 session of the Third Council of Lima, Father Acosta played a very important part and was its historian. He delivered an eloquent and learned oration at its last sitting on October 18, 1583.
Mexico[edit]
Shortly after the Third Council of Lima, he embarked with all his manuscripts, the literary labors of fifteen years, and commenced his voyage to Mexico. During the passage he was a shrewd observer of nature and knowledge seeker. He learned from an expert Portuguese pilot that there were four often-visited ports[citation needed] of no magnetic compass variation on the earth, and that one of them was Corvo Island in the Azores. Acosta landed at the port of Huatulco, at the western end of the Gulf of Tehuantepec, in the Oaxaca province, then journeyed by land to Mexico City, where he resided in 1586. He had opportunities of which he diligently availed himself for collecting information touching the civilization and religion of the Aztecs and natural products of this country. His chief informant respecting the rites and festivals of the Mexicans was brother and Prebendary, Juan de Tobar.[11]
Return to Spain[edit]
Acosta had been called to Spain by the King in 1585, prior to being detained in Mexico. He sailed home to Spain in the fleet of 1587, which contained a precious cargo, including twelve chests of gold each weighing 100 lbs., 11,000,000 pieces of silver, and two chests of emeralds each weighing 100 lbs., in addition to loads of ginger, sarsparilla, Brazil wood and animal hides.[12] In Spain he filled the chair of theology at the Roman college in 1594, head of the Jesuits College at Valladolid, as well as other important positions. At the time of his death in his 60th year, he was rector of the college at Salamanca.
Works[edit]
Title page of Historia natural y moral
Aside from his publication of the proceedings of the provincial councils of 1567 and 1583, and several works of exclusively theological import, Acosta is best known as the writer of De Natura Novi Orbis, De promulgatione Evangelii apud Barbaros, sive De Procuranda Indorum salute and above all, the Historia natural y moral de las Indias. The first two appeared at Salamanca in 1588, the last at Seville in 1590, and was soon after its publication translated into various languages. It is chiefly the Historia natural y moral that has established the reputation of Acosta, as this was one of the very first detailed and realistic descriptions of the New World. In a form more concise than that employed by his predecessors, Francisco Lopez de Gómara and Oviedo, he treated the natural and philosophic history of the New World from a broader point of view.[13] In it, more than a century before other Europeans learned of the Bering Strait, Acosta hypothesized that Latin America's indigenous peoples had migrated from Asia.[14] He also divided them into three barbarian categories. The Historia also described Inca and Aztec customs and history, as well as other information such as winds and tides, lakes, rivers, plants, animals, and mineral resources in the New World.
See also[edit]References[edit]
Bibliography[edit]
Further reading[edit]
External links[edit]
Retrieved from 'https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=José_de_Acosta&oldid=937999053'
Title, EL CORTESANO. Author, Baldassare Castiglione. Translated by, Juan Boscán (Almogaver). Contributors, Miguel da Sylva, Gerónima Palova de. El Cortesano â Baldassare Castiglione â Ebook download as PDF File .pdf) or view presentation slides online. Donor challenge: Your generous donation will be matched 2-to-1 right now. Your $5 becomes $15! Dear Internet Archive Supporter,. I ask only.
La Araucana, de Alonso de Ercilla. His Life and Letters, âpp. This book, âLos cuatro libros del Cortesano,â by Baldassarre Castiglione, is a replication of a book originally published before Get to Know Us. The Ciceronian humanist model of the ideal orator whom Cicero called âthe honest manâon which The Courtier is based, prescribes for the orator an active political life of service to country, whether in war or peace.
Castiglione also produced a number of Latin poems, together with an elegy for the death of Raphael entitled De morte Raphaellis pictoris and another elegy, after the manner of Petrarca, in which he imagines his dead wife, Ippolita Torelli, as writing to him.
The idealization of this paradigmatic character, which pretends to have transcendental knowledge and to proceed with justice, can be translated into the archetype of the Christian prince, model in force in Italy and Spain.
Would you like to tell us about a lower price? Castiglione was born into an illustrious family at Casaticonear Mantua Lombardywhere his family had constructed an impressive palazzo. The European Reception of Castiglioneâs Cortegiano. The reader is led to conclude that Pallavicinoâs bitterness toward the female sex may be the result of a sincere young manâs deep disappointment in love, and this throws into question somewhat the sincerity of the smooth and affable Giuliano, the defender or flatterer, as Pallavicino suggests of women.
Anyone who does not esteem the art of painting seems to me to be quite wrong-headed. They then discuss which is superior, painting or sculpture?
El cortesano
Scholars agree that Castiglione drew heavily from Ciceroâs celebrated treatise De Officiis âThe Duties of a Gentlemanâ abldassare, well known throughout the Middle Ages, [12] and even more so from his De Oratorewhich had been re-discovered in [13] and which discusses the formation of an ideal orator-citizen. In the Middle Agesthe perfect gentleman had been a chivalrous knight who cortseano himself by his prowess on the battlefield.
His illegitimate son Ippolito b.
Readings in the History of Music in Performance. Cashback within 3 days from shipment. Furthermore, he must excel in all he does without apparent effort and make everything look easy and natural.
While in his letter to the pope dated December 10,he had the audacity to criticize Vatican policies, asserting that its own inconsistencies and vacillations had undermined its stated aim of pursuing a fair agreement with the emperor and had provoked Charles V to attack. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
The first book was an Ars grammatica by Donatus baldazsare, which has not been preserved; Ciceroâs De Oratore was the second, and Lactantius âs De divinis institutionibus was the third, followed in by Augustine âs The City of God. De natura noui orbis libri duo; et De promulgatione Euangelii, apud barbaros, siue De procuranda indorum salute libri sex.
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Los cuatro libros del Cortesano
The conversation takes place over a span of four days in castgilione yearwhile Castiglione was supposedly absent on an embassy to England. Painting possesses a truly divine power in that not only does it make the absent present as they say of friendshipbut it also represents the dead to the living many centuries later, so that they are recognized by spectators with pleasure and deep admiration for the artist.
Castiglioneâs letters reveal not only the man and his personality but also delineating those of famous people he had met and his diplomatic activities: Learn more about Amazon Prime. Amazon Music Stream millions of songs. Frances Lincoln,p. Music likewise promotes habits of harmony and virtue in the individual and should therefore be learned beginning in childhood. Audible Cortesno Audio Books. I have composed a little work De principatibus. Baldasdare only on ATM card, debit card or credit card orders.
Alexa Actionable Analytics for the Web. AmazonGlobal Ship Orders Internationally. Savonarola, Machiavelli, Castiglione, and Aretino [ reprint: Inthe year before his death, the book for which Castiglione is most famous, The Book of the Courtier Il Libro del Cortegianowas published in Venice by the Aldine Press [10] run by the heirs of Baladssare Manutius.
El cortesano â Tienda Prado
Against all expectations, Castiglione received the popeâs apologies and the emperor honored him with the offer of the position of Bishop of Avila. The men defer to her, especially in their conduct with womenââwith whom we had the freest and commerce, but such was the respect we bore to the will of the Duchess that freedom was the greatest restraint.
The ideal courtier, then, must act with noble sprezzaturaand Canossa maintains that because the ideal courtier must be a codtesano of arms, skilled in horsemanship, he needs to be of noble birth.
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